Why British Columbia Joined Confederation: A Strategic Move in the Late 19th Century

Introduction

In 1869, British Columbia (BC) decided to join the Canadian Confederation, becoming the sixth province of Canada in 1870. This decision was not merely a matter of political convenience but a strategic move influenced by geopolitical considerations, including the sale of Alaska to the United States and the evolving dynamics of the British Empire.

The Sale of Alaska to the United States

The sale of Alaska to the United States in 1867 marked a significant geopolitical shift. Russia, unable to maintain a naval presence in Alaska and facing the potential for military conflict with Britain, decided to withdraw. This decision was based on a series of strategic calculations. Without a strong navy, Russia could not defend Alaska effectively if Britain or the United States were to challenge its sovereignty. It was a move akin to stepping back in a game of chess, allowing the other players more breathing room and influence.

Russia's Decision and Its Implications

The sale of Alaska to the US not only altered the power dynamics in North America but also affected British interests in the region. With Alaska now under US control, the British recognized the potential for a power vacuum that could be filled by their rival. Russia's decision to drop its claims in North America was a significant move, leaving the British with a strategic challenge. The loss of Alaska meant a shift in the balance of power, and Britain needed to adapt to this new landscape.

The Strategic Military Position of British Columbia

British Columbia, located on the Pacific coast of Canada, presented a unique strategic challenge. With territories on both sides of the country, the influx of US settlers and potentially hostile military actions were a growing concern for Britain. The Canadian Confederation, with its internal self-rule and the creation of a more centralized defense system, offered a countermove in this strategic game. By joining the Confederation, BC could align itself with a larger, more powerful alliance, thereby increasing its chances of maintaining its sovereignty and security.

The Rise of Economic Blocs

The end of the 19th century saw the rise of significant economic blocs, with the US and the British Empire vying for global influence. In 1869, the US overtook Britain in terms of production, which was later termed Gross National Product (GNP). This economic shift was not just a matter of economic growth but also a sign of changing global power dynamics. It was clear that Britain needed to adapt and form alliances to counter the growing US influence.

The Diplomatic and Strategic Considerations

While Britain could have chosen to engage in military conflict to assert its dominance in the region, the diplomatic route proved more effective. Forming alliances and creating a united front, such as the Canadian Confederation, was a strategic choice that not only secured the maritime interests of the British but also maintained peace. By joining the Canadian Confederation, BC not only aligned itself with a stronger alliance but also embraced the idea of internal self-rule within a larger federal structure.

Conclusion

British Columbia's decision to join the Canadian Confederation in 1869 was a strategic move influenced by geopolitical factors, economic shifts, and military considerations. The sale of Alaska to the US by Russia highlighted the importance of naval strength and strategic positioning. By aligning with the Canadian Confederation, BC not only secured its own interests but also contributed to the stability of the region. The diplomatic and strategic decisions made in the late 19th century had profound implications for the future of British Columbia and the wider British Empire.