The United States' Mixed Reactions to the Canadian Confederation of 1867

When the Canadian Confederation was formed in 1867, the United States' response was complex and multifaceted. This article explores the various attitudes and policies adopted by the U.S. towards its northern neighbor during this period.

Initial Indifference

General Indifference: Initially, many Americans were unconcerned with the formation of the new Confederation. The U.S. was preoccupied with the aftermath of the Civil War and its efforts at Reconstruction. External events like the Canadian Confederation were seen as secondary concerns, overshadowed by domestic issues.

Expansionist Sentiment

Expansionist Sentiment: Some Americans had a more positive view of the Canadian Confederation, seeing it as a potential opportunity for territorial expansion. This idea was fueled by the prevailing doctrine of Manifest Destiny, which posited that the United States was destined to expand across North America. Certain factions, especially those with imperialist leanings, believed that the U.S. should incorporate Canada into its territory. They saw the Confederation as a step towards this goal.

Concerns About British Influence

British Influence: The formation of a more unified Canada was met with unease by some Americans who were concerned about British influence in North America. They worried that a stronger, more cohesive Canada could pose a threat, particularly if it aligned closely with British interests. This sentiment was exacerbated by the historical tensions between the U.S. and Britain.

Support for Canadian Autonomy

Support for Autonomy: On the other hand, there were those in the U.S. who supported the idea of a self-governing Canada. They believed that the Confederation would allow Canadians to gain more autonomy from British rule, aligning with American values of democracy and self-determination. This support was rooted in a broader commitment to the principles of freedom and independence.

Official Recognition and Diplomacy

Official Recognition: Despite the diverse range of opinions, the U.S. government officially recognized the new Dominion of Canada and engaged in diplomatic relations. The Confederation set the stage for future interactions between the two countries, influencing trade and border relations. However, this recognition did not significantly alter U.S. domestic policy or priorities at the time.

Negative Initial Response

Negative Initial Response: While the U.S. did not extend a hand of friendship to the new Confederation, it did take a negative stance. Congress passed a joint resolution stating, "it viewed with extreme solicitude" the formation of this Confederation on a monarchical basis. President Johnson ignored this resolution but did not proactively engage with the new polity. This lack of action reflected the U.S. government's mixed and somewhat indifferent attitude towards the Canadian Confederation.

In conclusion, the United States' reactions to the Canadian Confederation of 1867 were varied, reflecting a complex interplay of national interests, historical tensions, and ideological beliefs. While the Confederation set the stage for future interactions, it did not significantly impact U.S. domestic priorities or policies at the time.