The Long Path to European Integration: Ireland's Accession to the EU
The Republic of Ireland's journey to joining the European Union (EU) was a complex and tortuous process, marked by political challenges, economic dependencies, and diplomatic hurdles. This article delves into the historical context, key figures, and significant events that shaped Ireland's path to EU membership.
Overview of Ireland’s EU membership
The EU did not exclude the Republic of Ireland; rather, Ireland was kept out due to the United Kingdom's (UK) non-membership. This economic and political interdependence necessitated a unified application from the UK and Ireland for EU membership. Since Ireland's entry into the EU in 1973, the country has evolved, becoming less reliant on trade with the UK and more integrated into the European market.
Challenges to EU Membership
Ireland's application to join the EEC (predecessor of the EU) was fraught with challenges. In 1959, Seán Lemass, Táiseach of Ireland, initiated a crusade for Irish membership, believing it would significantly boost the country's economy. Ireland's initial application in 1961, along with those of Britain, Denmark, and Norway, faced skepticism due to concerns about economic viability and Ireland's neutrality.
Key Figures and Events
Seán Lemass
Seán Lemass, the driving force behind Ireland's EU ambitions, first became Táiseach in 1959. He advocated for Irish membership, believing it would provide substantial economic benefits. In January 1963, during French President Charles de Gaulle's presidency, Britain's application was vetoed, rendering Ireland's application effectively null and void due to Ireland's economic dependence on the UK.
De Gaulle Veto (1963)
De Gaulle’s decision to veto Britain's application essentially meant that Ireland's application was also suspended. This setback did not dissuade Ireland; instead, it intensified the country's efforts to secure membership. Lemass worked tirelessly to address concerns and improve Ireland's economic standing.
In-depth Analysis
Ireland's Economic Independence
From 1961 to 1966, Ireland struggled to gain entry into the EEC due to the UK's veto. During this period, Ireland's economy was heavily reliant on trade with the UK. The Common Travel Area (CTA) played a crucial role in maintaining this economic relationship. However, since 1973, when Ireland finally joined the EEC (now EU), the country has undergone significant economic restructuring, reducing its dependency on UK trade.
Political and Economic Integration
Despite the UK's non-membership, Ireland continued to push for EU accession. In May 1967, Britain applied again, and Ireland followed suit. However, both nations faced another setback when De Gaulle vetoed Britain's second application. In 1969, after De Gaulle's resignation, a more favorable attitude emerged under his successor, Georges Pompidou.
In April 1970, a white paper titled Membership of the European Communities – Implications for Ireland was published, outlining the potential benefits and implications of EU membership. This document played a significant role in bolstering Ireland's case for joining the EEC. Key figures like Patrick Hillary, Minister for External Affairs, undertook extensive visits to European capitals to secure support for Ireland's application.
The Referendum and Treaty of Accession
The final push for EU membership came in 1972. Seán Lemass resigned as Táiseach and was succeeded by his Finance Minister, Jack Lynch. In January 1972, negotiations concluded, and four days later, the Treaty of Accession was signed, paving the way for Ireland's entry into the EEC.
The signing of the Treaty of Accession was a pivotal moment. The Irish government needed to amend the Bunreacht na héireann (Irish Constitution) to allow for EU membership. A referendum was held on 10 May 1972, resulting in a resounding "Yes" vote, with approximately 70-80% of the electorate supporting membership. The treaty came into effect on 1 January 1973, officially making Ireland a member of the EEC, along with Britain and Denmark.
Conclusion
Seán Lemass’s vision and persistence were crucial in overcoming the obstacles to Ireland's EU membership. The path to membership was marked by political vetoes, economic dependencies, and diplomatic challenges. However, Ireland's eventual accession to the EEC (now EU) in 1973 marked a significant milestone in the country's political and economic development, leading to a more integrated European identity.