The Evolutionary Roots of Intelligence Variations Among Sub-populations
Human intelligence varies among sub-populations due to deep-seated evolutionary and social forces, rather than conscious individual choices or game theory strategies. This article explores the true factors behind intelligence variations within different human groups.
Understanding Human Intelligence
Intelligence in humans is an advanced form of primate intelligence, a variant of mammalian intelligence. However, it is more significant in social primates, especially in the genus Homo—the ultimate social animal. This high valence of intelligence in Homo is evident in the cooperative and competitive dynamics within human societies, paralleling the roles of moles or bees in their respective colonies.
Evolutionary Niche and Natural Selection
Natural selection favors intelligence in human dynamics, especially in social cooperation and competition. This is well-documented in the decline of intelligence following the Industrial Revolution in Western societies, where external pressures were alleviated. The modern Western world, free from these natural pressures, has seen a gradual decline in average intelligence across different populations.
Group-Level Selection
Intelligence also plays a crucial role in group-level selection. In societies with pronounced cast systems and class hierarchies, intelligence is often distributed unevenly, with higher levels found in the upper classes. This trend is observable in historical transformations from aristocratic to more democratic societies, where the characteristics of the lower classes increasingly dominate.
The Role of Heritability and Sexual Selection
While intelligence is influenced by both heritability and sexual selection, genetic factors tend to play a more significant role. Research shows that intelligence tends to run in families, with a child's IQ often closely matching that of one of their parents or grandparents. However, exceptions do exist, where individuals may have high IQs despite their family history of mood or neurodevelopmental disorders. These variations indicate the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.
The Illusion of Will and Free Will
The concept of a self-directed homunculus—or conscious individual directing their own game theory—seems overly simplistic. In reality, unconscious and natural forces underlying the human psyche, both internal and external, play a more significant role. Evolutionary and social pressures shape human intelligence, rather than individual choice.
Free will, if it exists, is not a power that can override the forces of nature. Instead, environmental factors, cultural influences, and group-level competition direct the distribution of intelligence among sub-populations.
Conclusion
The variation in intelligence among sub-populations is primarily driven by evolutionary and social forces, not conscious individual choices. Understanding the true underlying mechanisms of intelligence distribution is crucial for developing effective strategies to enhance human potential and promote societal well-being.