The Dynamics of Elites: Power, Productivity, and Social Change
The term ldquo;elitesrdquo; encompasses diverse groups of individuals who hold significant influence over society. These include political elites, economic elites, cultural elites, intellectual elites, and social elites. Each group plays a unique role in shaping the landscape of modern society, and their dynamics can often become focal points in discussions about inequality and social change.
The Diversity of Elites
1. Elites, Plural: The concept of ldquo;elitesrdquo; is not singular but plural, reflecting the complexity and diversity of those who hold positions of influence. These individuals are often categorized based on their domains of expertise and societal impact.
The Roles of Elites
2. Impact of Productivity and Politics: Elites are distinguished by their ability to excel either in politics or in productivity. The majority of elites fall into the category of politicians, while a minority are the productive individuals who drive economic growth and advancements.
The Modern Role of Productive Elites
3. The Productive Elite and the Market: Productive elites play a crucial role in the global market network, driving the industrial revolution and modern economic growth. According to Arnold Toynbee, an industrial revolution is characterized by the shift from allocating resources through custom and tradition to allocating them through markets. This transformative period has been vital in the development of our industrializing society.
The Struggle for Control
4. Control Over Resources: While productive elites are essential drivers of economic growth, they face the challenge of political elites seeking to control their output. Political elites, who often hold positions of power and influence, are motivated by the desire to regain control over societal resources that were once held by their predecessors during agrarian societies. This struggle for control is a recurring theme in the historical and contemporary context.
The University System and Elites
5. University as a Training Ground: The education system, particularly universities, has played a significant role in shaping elites. Historically, databases of the 20th and 21st centuries show that universities have favored those interested in politics, who are more likely to become clerks within governmental and corporate hierarchies. Universities have traditionally trained clerks for rulers, with a growing emphasis on social sciences in more recent times.
The Shift in Educational Focus
6. Shift from Trade Schools to Universities: Prior to World War II, a larger percentage of productive individuals trained in trade schools. However, since then, the focus has shifted, with universities gradually replacing trade schools. For example, MIT, which has traditionally been known for its technical expertise, did not appoint its first ldquo;social sciencerdquo; president until 1965. This shift coincides with an increased dominance of political elites in higher education.
Conclusion
The changing dynamics of elites reflect broader societal shifts and challenges. Understanding the roles and motivations of each elite group is crucial in comprehending the complex interplay of power, productivity, and social change in modern society. Whether viewed as necessary leaders or as perpetuators of inequality, the influence of elites continues to shape the fabric of our global community.